Numerous ways in which the CIA has meddled in the affairs of African state since its Creation
The US central intelligence Agency (CIA) has a long history of inclusion in African issues, so Sunday's reports that the 1962 capture of Nelson Mandela came taking after a CIA tip-off don't come as a tremendous astonishment.
Most occurrences came amid the Cool War, when the US and the Soviet Union struggled for impact over the landmass.
CIA undercover operations are by their extremely nature difficult to demonstrate absolutely. In any case, research into the office's work, and in addition disclosures by previous CIA representatives, has hurled a few situations where the office attempted to impact occasions.
Here are four cases:
1) 1961 - Patrice Lumumba's death in Congo
Patrice Lumumba turned into the primary PM of the recently free Congo in 1960, yet he kept going only a couple of months in the employment before he was toppled and killed in January 1961.
In 2002, previous provincial force Belgium conceded obligation regarding its part in the murdering, be that as it may, the US has never clarified its part in spite of long-held suspicions.
US President Dwight D Eisenhower, worried about socialism, was agonized over Congo taking after a comparable way to Cuba.
As indicated by a source cited in Death in the Congo , a book about the death, President Eisenhower gave "a request for the death of Lumumba. There was no examination; the [National Security Council] meeting basically proceeded onward".
Notwithstanding, a CIA plan to ribbon Lumumba's toothpaste with toxin was never done, Lawrence Devlin, who was a station boss in Congo at the time, told the BBC in 2000.
An overview of declassified US government records from the time takes note of that the CIA "at first focussed on evacuating Lumumba, through death if essential as well as with a variety of non-deadly endeavors".
While there is doubtlessly the CIA needed him dead, the review does not show direct US association in his consequent murdering.
2) 1965 - Oust of Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana
Ghana's first President Kwame Nkrumah was ousted in a military overthrow in 1966 while he was out of the nation.
He later suspected that the US had a part in his defeat and in a 1978 book, previous CIA knowledge officer John Stockwell upheld this hypothesis up.
In Looking for Adversaries he composes that an official authorization for the overthrow does not show up in CIA records, but rather he composes "the Accra station was by the by urged by home office to keep up contact with protesters.
"It was given a liberal spending plan, and kept up cozy contact with the plotters as an overthrow was brought forth."
He says that the CIA in Ghana got more included and its agents were given "informal kudos for the possible overthrow".
A declassified US government archive shows familiarity with a plot to topple the president, yet does not demonstrate any official support.
Another declassified report composed after the overthrow portrays Nkrumah's fall as an "accidental godsend. Nkrumah was accomplishing more to undermine our interests than whatever other dark African".
3) 1970s - Resistance to the MPLA in Angola
In Angola three contending bunches battled for control after autonomy from Portugal in 1975, with the MPLA under Agostinho Neto assuming control over the capital Luanda.
Mr Stockwell, head of CIA's clandestine operations in Angola in 1975, composes that Washington chose to restrict the MPLA, as it was seen as nearer to the Soviet Union, and backing the FNLA and Unita rather, despite the fact that each of the three had assistance from comrade nations.
The CIA then aided furtively import weapons, including 30,000 rifles, through Kinshasa in neighboring Zaire, now known as the Vote based Republic of Congo, Mr Stockwell says in a video narrative .
He includes that CIA officers additionally prepared contenders for furnished battle.
A declassified US government record specifying an examination between the leader of the CIA, the secretary of state and others shows the backing the CIA provided for the strengths battling the MPLA.
The US kept on supporting Unita through a great part of the common war as Cuba was sponsorship the MPLA.
4) 1982 - Supporting Hissene Habre in Chad
Hissene Habre fizzled in his endeavor to take power by power in Chad in 1980.
However, his endeavors drove President Goukouni Oueddei to approach assistance from the Libyan pioneer Muammar Gaddafi, whose troopers effectively beat back Habre's test and constrained him into outcast.
A proposed union amongst Libya and Chad started to unsettle the US particularly as Gaddafi was seen as a supporter of against US exercises.
In Remote Strategy magazine Michael Bronner composes that the CIA executive, with the secretary of state, "mixed around dispatching a clandestine war in organization with Habre".
It is asserted that the US then upheld Habre's topple of the president in 1982 and after that bolstered him all through his merciless guideline.
Most occurrences came amid the Cool War, when the US and the Soviet Union struggled for impact over the landmass.
CIA undercover operations are by their extremely nature difficult to demonstrate absolutely. In any case, research into the office's work, and in addition disclosures by previous CIA representatives, has hurled a few situations where the office attempted to impact occasions.
Here are four cases:
1) 1961 - Patrice Lumumba's death in Congo
Patrice Lumumba turned into the primary PM of the recently free Congo in 1960, yet he kept going only a couple of months in the employment before he was toppled and killed in January 1961.
In 2002, previous provincial force Belgium conceded obligation regarding its part in the murdering, be that as it may, the US has never clarified its part in spite of long-held suspicions.
US President Dwight D Eisenhower, worried about socialism, was agonized over Congo taking after a comparable way to Cuba.
As indicated by a source cited in Death in the Congo , a book about the death, President Eisenhower gave "a request for the death of Lumumba. There was no examination; the [National Security Council] meeting basically proceeded onward".
Notwithstanding, a CIA plan to ribbon Lumumba's toothpaste with toxin was never done, Lawrence Devlin, who was a station boss in Congo at the time, told the BBC in 2000.
An overview of declassified US government records from the time takes note of that the CIA "at first focussed on evacuating Lumumba, through death if essential as well as with a variety of non-deadly endeavors".
While there is doubtlessly the CIA needed him dead, the review does not show direct US association in his consequent murdering.
2) 1965 - Oust of Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana
Ghana's first President Kwame Nkrumah was ousted in a military overthrow in 1966 while he was out of the nation.
He later suspected that the US had a part in his defeat and in a 1978 book, previous CIA knowledge officer John Stockwell upheld this hypothesis up.
In Looking for Adversaries he composes that an official authorization for the overthrow does not show up in CIA records, but rather he composes "the Accra station was by the by urged by home office to keep up contact with protesters.
"It was given a liberal spending plan, and kept up cozy contact with the plotters as an overthrow was brought forth."
He says that the CIA in Ghana got more included and its agents were given "informal kudos for the possible overthrow".
A declassified US government archive shows familiarity with a plot to topple the president, yet does not demonstrate any official support.
Another declassified report composed after the overthrow portrays Nkrumah's fall as an "accidental godsend. Nkrumah was accomplishing more to undermine our interests than whatever other dark African".
3) 1970s - Resistance to the MPLA in Angola
In Angola three contending bunches battled for control after autonomy from Portugal in 1975, with the MPLA under Agostinho Neto assuming control over the capital Luanda.
Mr Stockwell, head of CIA's clandestine operations in Angola in 1975, composes that Washington chose to restrict the MPLA, as it was seen as nearer to the Soviet Union, and backing the FNLA and Unita rather, despite the fact that each of the three had assistance from comrade nations.
The CIA then aided furtively import weapons, including 30,000 rifles, through Kinshasa in neighboring Zaire, now known as the Vote based Republic of Congo, Mr Stockwell says in a video narrative .
He includes that CIA officers additionally prepared contenders for furnished battle.
A declassified US government record specifying an examination between the leader of the CIA, the secretary of state and others shows the backing the CIA provided for the strengths battling the MPLA.
The US kept on supporting Unita through a great part of the common war as Cuba was sponsorship the MPLA.
4) 1982 - Supporting Hissene Habre in Chad
Hissene Habre fizzled in his endeavor to take power by power in Chad in 1980.
However, his endeavors drove President Goukouni Oueddei to approach assistance from the Libyan pioneer Muammar Gaddafi, whose troopers effectively beat back Habre's test and constrained him into outcast.
A proposed union amongst Libya and Chad started to unsettle the US particularly as Gaddafi was seen as a supporter of against US exercises.
In Remote Strategy magazine Michael Bronner composes that the CIA executive, with the secretary of state, "mixed around dispatching a clandestine war in organization with Habre".
It is asserted that the US then upheld Habre's topple of the president in 1982 and after that bolstered him all through his merciless guideline.
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